List of rulers of Illyria

This is a list of rulers of Illyria, people from the Illyricum province or those Illyrians, Greeks and Romans, Thracians[1] or Dacians that ruled parts of Illyria. The mythological figures originate from Greek mythology. Part of southern Illyria was under Greek rule including up to the Antigonid Dynasty. Illyria became a Roman province at 167 BC and the Romans were the only ones that ruled over the whole of Illyria. Illyrian kingdoms of the past were composed of small parts of the region of Illyria.

Contents

Mythological

Illyrian Kings and Queens

Illyrian chiefs wore bronze torques around their necks[5] much like the Celts did.

Ardiaei

Dardani

  • Bircenna granddaughter of Cleitus an daughter of Bardyllis II.[37]

Paeonian

Greek

Illyriciani

These Roman emperors are called Illyriciani[49][50] due to being born in the province of Illyricum[51][52][53]

Others

See also

References

  1. ^ Velizar Iv Velkov, Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials), University of Michigan, 1977, p. 47
  2. ^ The Dictionary of Classical Mythology by Pierre Grimal and A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, ISBN 0-631-20102-5, 1996, p. 83, "Cadmus then ruled over the Illyrians and he had another son, named Illyrius. But later Cadmus and Harmonia were turned into serpents and..."
  3. ^ The Dictionary of Classical Mythology by Pierre Grimal and A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, ISBN 0-631-20102-5, 1996, p. 230, "Illyrius (Ιλλυριός) The youngest son of Cadmus and Harmonia. He was born during their expedition against the Illyrians..."
  4. ^ The Dictionary of Classical Mythology by Pierre Grimal and A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, ISBN 0-631-20102-5, 1996, p. 168, "The birth of three heroes is sometimes attributed to the love between Polyphemus and Galatea; Galas(see Galates), Celtus and Illyrius the eponymes respectively from the Galatians, the Celts and the Illyrians..."
  5. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 223, "Illyrian chiefs wore heavy bronze torques..."
  6. ^ "Grabus was a dynastic name from the royal house of Grabaei." Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander' By Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond p. 107 Grabus was "a descendant no doubt the of King Grabus, whith [sic?] whom Athens entered into alliance in 430 B.C."
  7. ^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C. By D. M. Lewis, John Boardmanp. 438
  8. ^ "The Illyrians of Grabus are unlikely to have been the subjects of Bardyllis defeated only two years earlier though some have suggested Grabus was his son and succesor [sic?] [...] his name suggest some connection with the Grabaei, a minor people of Illyrians who lived on the southern Adriatic, near the lake of Shkoder" The Illyrians By John Wilkes p. 121
  9. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
  10. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis, ISBN 0-521-23348-8, 1994, page 785
  11. ^ The Campaigns of Alexander (Penguin Classics) by Arrian, J. R. Hamilton, and Aubrey De Selincourt, 1976, p. 49: "... and had been joined by Glaucias, the prince of the Taulantians,
  12. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
  13. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, page 85, "...Longarus, Bato and Monunius, whose daughter Etuta was married to the Illyrian king Gentius, are all Illyrian.
  14. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
  15. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, pages 121,156,167,170-174,190
  16. ^ Livy's History of Rome 41.11 A few days before his arrival Junius and Manlius began a determined attack on the town of Nesactium, to which place the chiefs of the Histri, with their king, Aepulo, had retired. Claudius brought up the two newly-raised legions, and after disbanding the old army with its generals, invested the town and proceeded to attack it with the vineae. There was a river flowing past the town which impeded the assailants and furnished water to the Histrians. After many days' work he diverted this river into a new channel, and the cutting off of their water-supply as though by a miracle greatly alarmed the natives. Even then they had no thought of suing for peace; they made up their minds to murder their women and children, and that this horrid deed might be a spectacle to the enemy, they butchered them openly on the walls and then flung them down. Amidst the shrieks of the women and children and the unspeakable horrors of the massacre, the Romans surmounted the walls and entered the town. When the king heard the terrified cries of those who fled, and understood from the tumult that the place was taken, he stabbed himself that he might not be taken alive. The rest were either killed or made prisoners. This was followed by the storming and destruction of two other towns, Mutila and Faveria. The booty, considering the poverty of the natives, surpassed expectations, and the whole of it was given to the soldiers; 5632 persons were sold as slaves. The prime instigators of the war were scourged and beheaded. The extermination of these three towns and the death of the king led to peace throughout Histria; all the tribes made their submission and gave hostages.
  17. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, p. 176: "Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato."
  18. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 216, "Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects..."
  19. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 81, "Breuci with Scilus Bato"
  20. ^ # Macedonia and Illyria (217-167 B.C.)# J. M. F. May # The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 36, Parts 1 and 2 "by the end of Genthius' reign it had become the capital of the Ardiaean kingdom"
  21. ^ # The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 B.C. # N. G. L. Hammond # The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 61, (1966), pp. 239-253 ,"Ardiaean kingdom"
  22. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 115, "Pharos was subject to the Illyrian dynasty of Agron, albeit under the rule of the native Demetrius of Pharos"
  23. ^ Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, page 105, 250 died c. 230
  24. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "The decade after 229 BC witnessed a revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
  25. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 158, "Illyrian success continued when command passed to Agron's widow Teuta, who granted individual ships a licence to universal plunder. In 231 AC the fleet and army attacked Ells and Messenia..."
  26. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "...revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
  27. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "...because no coins are known to have been issued by Illyrian rulers of a later period such as Agron, Teuta, Scerdilaidas, etc."
  28. ^ Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 137
  29. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 221, "Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women who had also participated to the overindulgence of their kings Agron and Gentius..."
  30. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, page 189
  31. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 179, "...2nd century BC; diameter 17 mm", "Bronze coin of King Ballaios; diameter 16 mm"
  32. ^ Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes,Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 145
  33. ^ Harding, Philip. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, 1985, p. 93, ISBN 0521299497. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.
  34. ^ Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire Author Waldemar Heckel Editor Waldemar Heckel Edition illustrated, revised Publisher Wiley-Blackwell, 2006 ISBN 1405112107, 9781405112109 Length 389 pages, page 64 [1]
  35. ^ Wilkes 1995, page 120
  36. ^ Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire Author Waldemar Heckel Editor Waldemar Heckel Edition illustrated, revised Publisher Wiley-Blackwell, 2006 ISBN 1405112107, 9781405112109 Length 389 pages, page 86 [2]
  37. ^ Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire Author Waldemar Heckel Editor Waldemar Heckel Edition illustrated, revised Publisher Wiley-Blackwell, 2006 ISBN 1405112107, 9781405112109 Length 389 pages, page 86 [3]
  38. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 86, "...including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with..."
  39. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 85, "The recorded names of Dardanian leader during the Macedonian and the Roman wars, Longarus, Bato..."
  40. ^ Catalogue of Greek Coins: Thessaly to Aetolia by Percy Gardner, 2004,Front Matter: "...present to the money of Philip II. of Macedon, and Lycceius and Audoleon, kings of Paeonia, that they must be given..."
  41. ^ Patraus's coin
  42. ^ A Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins of the Ancients: From Circ. B. C. 700 to a. D. 1. (1895) by British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals, 2009, page 62: "...of Athena, facing. Bee. AYAnA EONTOZ. Horse. Wt. 193.4 grs. Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Paaonia between B.C. 340..."
  43. ^ Polyaenus, Stratagems of War, 4.12.3, "Lysimachus conducted Ariston, son of Autoleon, to his father's kingdom in Paeonia; under pretence that the royal youth might be acknowledged by his subjects, and treated with due respect. But as soon as he had bathed in the royal baths in the river Arisbus, and they had set before him an elegant banquet, according to the custom of his country, Lysimachus ordered his guards to arm. Ariston instantly mounted his horse and escaped to the land of the Dardani; and Lysimachus was left in possession of Paeonia."
  44. ^ a b Pausanias, Description of Greece Phocis and Ozolian Locri,10.13.1,"A bronze head of the Paeonian bull called the bison was sent to Delphi by the Paeonian king Dropion, son of Leon".
  45. ^ Plutarch's Lives, Volume 2 (of 4) - p. 120 by Plutarch, George Long, Aubrey Stewart - 2007 -, "Having thus escaped from their pursuers they proceeded to Glaukias, the king of the Illyrians...gave Pyrrhus in charge of his wife".
  46. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 124, "... offered asylum to the infant Pyrrhus after the expulsion of his father [...] wife Beroea, who was herself a Molossian princess..."
  47. ^ A History of Rome to A.D. 565 - p. 111 by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, William Gurnee Sinnigen,"The island of Pharos and some adjacent territory in Illyria were given to a Greek adventurer, Demetrius of Pharos"
  48. ^ Agron's first wife, the mother of Pinnes, was Triteuta; J.J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "The decade after 229 BC witnessed a revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
  49. ^ The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, p. 263, "The regime of the Illyriciani..."
  50. ^ The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, p. 262, "The Illyriciani rose from humble oftean rural backgrounds through service in the army..."
  51. ^ "These men are usually called the Illyrian emperors since they all were born in that province (Illyricum) and were raised to power by legions stationed there" The Ancient World, Joseph Ward Swain
  52. ^ "Most of them were natives of Illyricum and its neighborhood, and hence are called Illyrian emperors..." A History of the Ancient World, George Willis Botsford
  53. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 261: "...Imperial Illyrians 261 in the Empire, whose leading citizens were known as Illyriciani. The origin of this sense of identity within the Roman world is to be found in the years of warfare..."
  54. ^ Eutropius (9,13,1) says he was born in Dacia ripensis; Historia Augusta (Aurelianus 3,1) supports the birth in Sirmium or Dacia ripensis, but reports also origins of Moesia (Aurelianus 3,2); Aurelius Victor (Epitome de Caesaribus, xxxv, 1) claims he was born between Dacia and Macedonia
  55. ^ John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium, Vintage Books, 1997, ISBN 0-679-77269-3, p. 59
  56. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 122, "Hammond 1966, 245-6; Hammond and Griffith 1979, 469-74; Hammond 1981; Hatzopoulos 1987; Tronson 1984 (marriage of Philip 11 with Illyrian Audata)."
  57. ^ Greek Life and Thought from the Age of Alexander to the Roman Conquest - p. 67, by J. P. Mahaffy - 2004, "When we come to Kynane, the daughter of Philip by an Illyrian mother..."
  58. ^ Plutarch's Lives Volume 1 by Plutarch, Arthur Hugh Clough, John Dryden, and James Atlas, 2001, "Bircenna, Bardyllis the Illyrian's daughter..."
  59. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 85, "...Longarus, Bato and Monunius, whose daughter Etuta was married to the Illyrian king Gentius, are all Illyrian.
  60. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 174, "...Illyrian navy sent to attack supply-routes, and the story resumes with Gentius trapped in Scodra and hoping for relief from Caravantius."
  61. ^ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 172, "... Roman allies in the previous war against Macedonia. In 169 BC there was a report that Gentius had his brother Plator killed because his plan to marry Etuta, ..."
  62. ^ Rome and the Mediterranean: Books XXXI-XLV of the History of Rome from its Foundation, ISBN 0-14-044318-5, 1976, p. 560, "... of the gate. This inspired such panic in the town that Gentius at once sent to the praetor two spokesmen, Teuticus and Bellus, leading men of that nation, to beg a truce so that the king might take council about the ..."
  63. ^ Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, A treatise on the soul, "...and I further learn from Cal-listhenes that it was from the indication of a dream that Baraliris the Illyrian stretched his dominion..."
  64. ^ The policy of the emperor Gallienus by Lukas de Blois - 1976, p. 191
  65. ^ The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine by Miss P Southern, 2001, p. 103, "... most famous besides the cavalry commander Aureolus being Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus, a man of low birth who became consul in 261, ..."
  66. ^ Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. by Noel Lenski, 2003, p. 61, "... '1284 Another local, Flavianus, prefect of Egypt from 364 until 366, stands out as the only Illyrian ..."
  67. ^ A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.): Volume 1 by John Bagnell Bury, 2000, p. 309, "... Hypatius had been recalled, and a valiant Illyrian named Celer, the master of offices, was appointed as a new general."
  68. ^ The Rome That Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century by Gerard Friell, 2000, p. 113, "... MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS. EAST AND WEST 113 000 men. Celer, the Magister Officiorum, also set out from Constantinople with a force, which ..."